长弓、钢弩和复合弓威力的实验数据比较[转帖laminin] 关于长弓、钢弩和复合弓的威力,国外做了一些实验,可以进行直观地比较: 长弓和钢弩: Stephen V. Grancsay 的实验数据(Paterson, W.F., A Guide to the Crossbow, Soc.of Archer-Antiquaries, c.1990, U.K.): Type of Weapon Draw weight Bolt weight Speed of bolt Difference Longbow 68 lb. 2.5 oz 133.7 fps Not much!! Crossbow 740 lb 1.25 oz. 138.7 fps Not much!! (lb:磅 oz.:盎司(28.3495克) fps:英尺/秒 Bolt:一种方头簇的箭) 钢弩的拉力是长弓的11倍,高达740磅,但发射1.25盎司的Bolt初速度却与长弓发射2.5盎司的Bolt差不多,速度都在40m/s左右。 钢的蓄能太低,仅为紫杉木的几分之一,拉开距离也太短,弓臂太重,效率比长弓低很多,弓臂太短,直接限制了弦速度和箭速度,造成钢弩虽然拉力大,但发射的箭威力却不大。 “The reason for this is that the draw length and the lath (also called a prod) of crossbows are much shorter than those of longbows. ” “In the above example, it should be stated that the bolt loosed by the crossbow could have been heavier without experiencing much of a decrease in exit velocity. A heavier arrow loosed by the longbow would have had a significantly reduced exit velocity.” 不过由于效率问题,在发射较重的BOLT时,速度基本上没有下降多少,也就是说适合发射比较重的BOLT(因为弓臂重拉力大,使用比较重的箭可提高效率)。 而长弓发射重箭速度有很明显的下降。 看来如果用重箭的话,由于箭的初速度不会怎么下降,威力确实可能超过长弓的,不过不会超过太多,因为箭重也有限。一般的BOLT也在100g以内。 如《科学美国人》也讲到: 还有: "Crossbows of medieval and renaissance design were very inefficient devices. Modern tests indicate that armor-piercing bolts, while heavier than war arrows, achieved about the same velocity (130-40 fps) from a 700 lb. draw crossbow as an arrow did from a 80 lb. draw longbow. The initial velocity imparted to a crossbow bolt is governed by the velocity of the bow tips as the bolt and string part company. Despite their heavy draw weights, medieval laths were too massive to accelerate rapidly. This was made worse by short draw lengths, which reduced the time available for the tips to accelerate. In addition, the massive bowstrings required for such heavy draw weights robbed energy from the bolt. " (Foley, Palmer,Soedel.The Crossbow,SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, January 1985; pp. 104-110. ) 700磅的钢弩在射重箭时,威力和80磅拉力的长弓差不多,原因也提到,钢弩太重,拉距太短,弦也太重等等。 看来用钢做弩确实不是什么好的选择。 关于复合弓的,Adam Karpowicz在2004年有实验, 使用的是土耳其复合弓,这种复合弓前面也有数据,和鞑靼复合弓在蓄能上完全一样。使用蚕丝做的弦。 “The cores are hard maple, the bellies horn and the backs covered with sinew.” 是典型的使用了角材和动物肌腱的木芯复合弓。 一共测过几个拉力:67.4lb, 72.1lb, 75.5lb, 92.2lb, 105.5lb, 125lb,136lb 节选几个: 67.4磅拉力下: 67.4lb @ 30", target bow, 51.5" long: arrow grains: 1548(100克) 1067(70克) 739 522 360 204 arrow fps: 135.2 160.4 185.9 214.7 239.8 277.9 (1grain=0.065克) 这个拉力和上面那个长弓基本一样,但确实威力和效率比长弓高的多,相同拉力下,同样70克重量的箭,复合弓射出的初速度160英尺/秒,而长弓仅133英尺/秒,复合弓威力高出长弓44%。 同样34克的箭,复合弓初速度186英尺/秒,对比740磅的钢弩获得的139英尺/秒,箭的能量高了1.8倍。 92.2磅拉力下: 92.2lb @ 28", flight bow, 41" long: arrow grains: 1548 1067 739 437 360 204 arrow fps: 141.5 168.3 197.2 242.3 262.7 315.8 105磅拉力下: 105.5lb @ 27 ?quot;, flight bow, 42" long: arrow grains: 1548 1067 605 440 358 255 203 arrow fps: 157 185.2 232.3 264.1 282 321.5 345.3 136磅拉力下: 136lb @ 29 7/8", war/target bow, 47.5" long: arrow grains: 1548 1067 733 522 arrow fps: 180.4 210.3 245.1 280 在这个拉力下,100克的箭,速度达到180英尺/秒,这个威力已经相当大了。 对比: Crossbow 740 lbs 1.25 oz. 138.7 fps 所以,结论是复合弓的威力和效率要比长弓和钢弩高得多。 |